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Potassium Cyanide for Gold
- APPEARANCE: White, granular or crystalline solid.
- DESCRIPTION: Potassium cyanide releases hydrogen cyanide gas, a highly toxic chemical asphyxiant that interferes with the body’s ability to use oxygen. Exposure to potassium cyanide can be rapidly fatal. It has whole-body (systemic) effects, particularly affecting those organ systems most sensitive to low oxygen levels: the central nervous system (brain), the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels), and the pulmonary system (lungs). Potassium cyanide is used commercially for fumigation, electroplating, and extracting gold and silver from ores. Hydrogen cyanide gas released by potassium cyanide has a distinctive bitter almond odor (others describe a musty “old sneakers smell”), but a large proportion of people cannot detect it; the odor does not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. It is usually shipped as capsules, tablets, or pellets. Potassium cyanide absorbs water from air (is hygroscopic or deliquescent).
- METHODS OF DISSEMINATION:
- Indoor Air: Potassium cyanide can be released into indoor air as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles.
- Water: Potassium cyanide can be used to contaminate water.
- Food: Potassium cyanide can be used to contaminate food.
- Outdoor Air: Potassium cyanide can be released into indoor air as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles.
- Agricultural: If potassium cyanide is released as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles, it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products.
- ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: Potassium cyanide can affect the body by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact.
- GENERAL INFORMATION: First Responders should use a NIOSH-certified Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear (CBRN) Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) with a Level A protective suit when entering an area with an unknown contaminant or when entering an area where the concentration of the contaminant is unknown. Level A protection should be used until monitoring results confirm the contaminant and the concentration of the contaminant.
NOTE: Safe use of protective clothing and equipment requires specific skills developed through training and experience. - LEVEL A: (RED ZONE): Select when the greatest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection is required. This is the maximum protection for workers in danger of exposure to unknown chemical hazards or levels above the IDLH or greater than the AEGL-2.
- A NIOSH-certified CBRN full-face-piece SCBA operated in a pressure-demand mode or a pressure-demand supplied air hose respirator with an auxiliary escape bottle.
- A Totally-Encapsulating Chemical Protective (TECP) suit that provides protection against CBRN agents.
- Chemical-resistant gloves (outer).
- Chemical-resistant gloves (inner).
- Chemical-resistant boots with a steel toe and shank.
- Coveralls, long underwear, and a hard hat worn under the TECP suit are optional items.
- LEVEL B: (RED ZONE): Select when the highest level of respiratory protection is necessary but a lesser level of skin protection is required. This is the minimum protection for workers in danger of exposure to unknown chemical hazards or levels above the IDLH or greater than AEGL-2. It differs from Level A in that it incorporates a non-encapsulating, splash-protective, chemical-resistant splash suit that provides Level A protection against liquids but is not airtight.
- A NIOSH-certified CBRN full-face-piece SCBA operated in a pressure-demand mode or a pressure-demand supplied air hose respirator with an auxiliary escape bottle.
- A hooded chemical-resistant suit that provides protection against CBRN agents.
- Chemical-resistant gloves (outer).
- Chemical-resistant gloves (inner).
- Chemical-resistant boots with a steel toe and shank.
- Coveralls, long underwear, a hard hat worn under the chemical-resistant suit, and chemical-resistant disposable boot-covers worn over the chemical-resistant suit are optional items.
- LEVEL C: (YELLOW ZONE): Select when the contaminant and concentration of the contaminant are known and the respiratory protection criteria factors for using Air Purifying Respirators (APR) or Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPR) are met. This level is appropriate when decontaminating patient/victims.
- A NIOSH-certified CBRN tight-fitting APR with a canister-type gas mask or CBRN PAPR for air levels greater than AEGL-2.
- A NIOSH-certified CBRN PAPR with a loose-fitting face-piece, hood, or helmet and a filter or a combination organic vapor, acid gas, and particulate cartridge/filter combination or a continuous flow respirator for air levels greater than AEGL-1.
- A hooded chemical-resistant suit that provides protection against CBRN agents.
- Chemical-resistant gloves (outer).
- Chemical-resistant gloves (inner).
- Chemical-resistant boots with a steel toe and shank.
- Escape mask, face shield, coveralls, long underwear, a hard hat worn under the chemical-resistant suit, and chemical-resistant disposable boot-covers worn over the chemical-resistant suit are optional items.
- LEVEL D: (GREEN ZONE): Select when the contaminant and concentration of the contaminant are known and the concentration is below the appropriate occupational exposure limit or less than AEGL-1 for the stated duration times.
- Limited to coveralls or other work clothes, boots, and gloves. Potassium Cyanide for Gold extraction
- CHEMICAL DANGERS:
- Potassium cyanide is water-reactive.
- Potassium cyanide decomposes on contact with water, humidity, carbon dioxide, and acids, producing very toxic and highly flammable hydrogen cyanide gas.
- Potassium cyanide solution in water is a strong base; it reacts violently with acid and is corrosive.
- Potassium cyanide undergoes violent chemical reactions with chlorates and nitrites. Potassium Cyanide for Gold cleaning
- EXPLOSION HAZARDS:
- Chlorates plus potassium cyanide explode when heated.
- A mixture of potassium cyanide and nitrites may cause an explosion.
- Nitrogen chloride explodes on contact with potassium cyanide.
- Containers may explode when heated or if they are contaminated with water.
- Upper and lower explosive (flammable) limits in air are not available for potassium cyanide.
- FIRE FIGHTING INFORMATION:
- Potassium cyanide is non-combustible.
- The agent itself does not burn, but it may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
- Water-sensitive: Potassium cyanide releases highly flammable and toxic hydrogen cyanide gas on contact with water or damp air and in a fire.
- Note: Most foams will react with the agent and release corrosive/toxic gases.
- For small fires, do not use carbon dioxide; use dry chemical, dry sand, or alcohol-resistant foam.
- For large fires, use water spray, fog, or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from the fire area if it is possible to do so without risk to personnel. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
- For fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads, fight the fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tanks. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
- Run-off from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic, and it may cause pollution. Potassium Cyanide for Gold plating
- If the situation allows, control and properly dispose of run-off (effluent).
- INITIAL ISOLATION AND PROTECTIVE ACTION DISTANCES:
- If a tank, rail car, or tank truck is involved in a fire, isolate it for 0.5 mi (800 m) in all directions; also consider initial evacuation for 0.5 mi (800 m) in all directions.
- Small spills (when spilled in water)
- First isolate in all directions: 100 ft (30 m).
- Then protect persons downwind during the day: 0.1 mi (0.1 km).
- Then protect persons downwind during the night: 0.3 mi (0.5 km).
- Large spills (when spilled in water)
- First isolate in all directions: 1000 ft (300 m).
- Then protect persons downwind during the day: 0.6 mi (1.0 km).
- Then protect persons downwind during the night: 2.4 mi (3.9 km).
- PHYSICAL DANGERS:
- Vapors may collect and stay in confined areas (e.g., sewers, basements, and tanks).
- Hazardous concentrations may develop quickly in enclosed, poorly-ventilated, or low-lying areas. Keep out of these areas. Stay upwind.
- Hydrogen cyanide gas produced from potassium cyanide mixes well with air; explosive mixtures are easily formed.
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